General Instructions for Writing Entries

General
Entries will be 2,000 words and will typically include the following sections:

History
This section should discuss the history of the manufacturing process and how it has evolved. Every entry must include this section.

Background
This section should define the product's basic function or use. It should also discuss the history of the manufacturing process and how it has evolved. Every entry must include this section.

Raw Materials
This section should describe the various materials that are used to make the product. Every entry must include this section.

Design
If the product must be designed each time it is manufactured, describe the design process here. This section will only be included with certain products, such as with some types of sophisticated electronic products.

The Manufacturing Process
This section is the focus of each entry. It describes the actual manufacture of the product in a numerical, step-by-step manner. Be as detailed as you can without getting bogged down in technical jargon. We will use this section to develop illustrations for the article, so your explanations must be clear and easily understood. Please include (again, where applicable) the nuts and bolts of the packaging process. Every entry must include this section.

Quality Control
This section should describe the points in the process where quality of the product is checked and verified. Please include info on specific tests that manufacturers use and/or standards required in the industry or by the government. Every entry must include this section.

Byproducts/Waste
This section will be very important in many entries, as byproducts can be very useful, and waste can be very harmful. This section should get special attention if the process results in toxic waste. Every entry must include this section.

The Future
Again, for some products this section will not be very pertinent. But in some areas, especially electronics, the manufacturing process—and the product itself—are evolving rapidly.

Where to Learn More
This is essentially a bibliography. Where possible, please include both books and periodical articles. Please list the most up-to-date references, preferably from the late 1990s. Every entry must include this section.

If you have information to include that does not fit neatly into one of these sections feel free to create new sections when necessary. For example, in some entries (e.g., steel, gold), you might need to create additional sections like "The extraction process" or "The refining process."

Once you are ready to compose the entry, carefully review the explanation of the tagging system. Once you've done that, review the more specific points outlined below.

ITALICIZING TEXT

On occasion, you will want to set text off as italic (e.g., the name of a book or a Latin term). To do this, use the tag <emphasis n="1"></emphasis>:

<emphasis n="1">Origin of Species</emphasis>

METRIC/ENGLISH CONVERSIONS

Make sure that when you input information regarding measurements that you include both the English and the metric versions, with the English as the primary unit and the metric in parenthesis [e.g., The tube measured 3 ft (1 m).]. Please refer to the Science Style Guidelines concerning appropriate abbreviations, etc. If you find any existing measurements that do not conform to this style or appear to be converted incorrectly, please correct them.

A.D. AND B.C. TAGS

The abbreviations A.D.and B.C. should have the following tag designating them as small caps: <emphasis n="3"></emphasis>.

The physician Galen was born in <emphasis n="3">A.D.</emphasis> 130.

Sometime around 5000 <emphasis n="3">B.C.</emphasis> ancient Egyptians...

Please insert the proper coding around any A.D. or B.C. abbreviations that may not have it in the existing text.

DIACRITS

On occasion you will want to insert diacritics into the manuscript (ä, é, ö, ñ, etc.). To do this you will have to use a code for each specific diacrit that begins with a &. For example the name Andrè Marie Ampére would appear in the text as Andr&eacute; Marie Amp&egrave;re. Below are the codes for the most common diacrits:

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